M James Buchanan

James Buchanan (1791–1868), the 15th President (1857–1861), led the nation during the tumultuous years immediately preceding the Civil War. Though experienced in politics and diplomacy, his attempts at compromise failed to prevent Southern states from moving toward secession after the election of 1860, leaving a house divided for his successor, Abraham Lincoln.

Interesting anecdote: Buchanan remains the only U.S. President who never married. As a lifelong bachelor, he relied on his niece, Harriet Lane, to serve as White House hostess and First Lady for social functions during his administration.